Second Urbanization (600 BCE - 200 BCE )

During 800 & 200 BCE a movement named Shramana movement formed which resulted in rise Jainism & Buddhism and at the same time the Upanishads were written.

After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially in the Central Ganges plain.

The central Ganges plain urbanization started around 500 BCE and it was the same time when Magadha gained eminence and formed the basis of Mauryan Empire.

The Mauryan Empire was very much influenced by the later Vedic Culture and it was the same region where Jainism and Buddhism originated and flourished.

A number of small cities and kingdoms formed in the later vedic period around 500 BCE known as the Mahajanapadas (the sixteen Kingdoms), which covered the latest known Bengal, Afganistan & Maharashtra. This period was the 2^nd most popular urbanization after the Indus Valley Civilization.

Further the sixteen kingdoms unite into the four major ones around 500BCE, the life of Gautam Buddha were mainly associated with these four kingdoms named Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha

Read more on Upanishads

Upanishads known as the conclusion of Vedas emerged around 800 to 400 BCE, the main focus of the Upanishads was the typical Hindu rituals. Later around 6^th and 7^th centuries BCE the later urbanization challenged the orthodox rituals and led to a popular movement known as Shramana.

Jannism & Budhism were the prominent icons of the movement and this movement gave rise to the concept of life and death.